Molar is a posterior tooth in the permanent dentition that is anatomically specialized for grinding and crushing food during mastication. It is characterized by a large, broad crown with a complex occlusal surface composed of multiple cusps, fissures, and grooves that increase the efficiency of mechanical food breakdown. The enamel covering the crown is thick and highly mineralized, allowing the tooth to withstand substantial occlusal forces generated during chewing.
Molars typically possess multiple roots that provide strong anchorage within the alveolar bone. Maxillary molars usually have three roots—two buccal and one palatal—while mandibular molars most often have two roots, one mesial and one distal.
